tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28275861382652997042024-03-15T11:19:57.407+05:30Hayek OrderChandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.comBlogger2468125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-90867715921095421962024-01-20T16:15:00.001+05:302024-01-20T16:15:06.679+05:30Rama, Modi vs India, Bharat<p><span style="background-color: white;">"</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Merriweather, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;">Lord Ram’s credos emphasised the <b>sixteen noble qualities of life—unconditional, righteous, assertive, grateful, truthful, steadfast, charismatic, emancipative, thoughtful, capable, presentable, spiritual, dreaded, radiant, admirable and calm</b>, All of this together made him the ideal </span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Merriweather, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;">Maryada Purushottam</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Merriweather, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;">. These </span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Merriweather, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;">Shodasha Kalyana Gunas</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Merriweather, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;">, as they are known in Sanskrit, define the human way of living that transcends boundaries making it globally relevant. The Ram temple movement had its own <b>sixteen dimensions due to its religious, social, cultural, spiritual, anthropological, philosophical, judicial, liberal, historical, local, regional, national, global, geographical, mercurial and political contours". More<a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Jan/18/ayodhya-temple-signifies-indias-civilisational-values" target="_blank"> here</a>.</b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Faustina, Regular;">It wasn’t until Sonia took over the Congress that such cooperation became impossible. The current political polarisation started with her. But paradoxically that has worked in favour of the BJP! More </span><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/book-review-how-prime-ministers-decide/article67153179.ece" style="font-family: Faustina, Regular;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Faustina, Regular;">.</span></p><div class="arrow-component arr--story-headline story-headline-m_wrapper__1Wey6" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;"><h1 class="arr--story--headline-h1 story-headline-m_headline__x10-O story-headline-m_dark__1_kPz" data-testid="story-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--arrow-c-mono2); font-family: var(--arrow-typeface-primary); font-stretch: normal; font-weight: var(--arrow-fw-bold); line-height: var(--arrow-lh-3); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: unset;"><bdi style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Jan/18/an-ode-to-the-doctors-scribble" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">An Ode to the doctor’s scribble</span></a></bdi></h1><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #0f0f0f; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8GDx7mssvM" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">"Hindu Resurgence in India That Is Changing"</span></a></yt-formatted-string></h1></div><div><bdi style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></bdi></div></div><div><br /></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-39883722463952087462024-01-02T19:34:00.003+05:302024-01-02T19:34:46.090+05:30Robert Solow Died at 99<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIelyA__xMo1wjlZkUc7MXEH0s7G2y3bhzn-3LTFF60qUyFpveGa0G0JIL_LA5cZAhsRl8v4-PE1_rwjs4Yy3so55OfvuesoMuHY70maB2Ojycroe3uNBQjnEABCD4CIt1Zj8eL7bhF-zxAeNN6gDU1WmGkTkryldKeN-5EH24LXL18ZhBJ8u4EeUBvp8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1083" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIelyA__xMo1wjlZkUc7MXEH0s7G2y3bhzn-3LTFF60qUyFpveGa0G0JIL_LA5cZAhsRl8v4-PE1_rwjs4Yy3so55OfvuesoMuHY70maB2Ojycroe3uNBQjnEABCD4CIt1Zj8eL7bhF-zxAeNN6gDU1WmGkTkryldKeN-5EH24LXL18ZhBJ8u4EeUBvp8" width="320" /></a></div><br />Recently, the Nobel Prize winning economist <a href="https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/solow.htm" target="_blank">Rober Solow</a> died aged 99. Below are few articles on his life and works, of which some are very relevant to Indian economy:<p></p><p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/solows-insights-hold-invaluable-lessons-for-the-indian-economy-11704123816795.html" target="_blank">Solow's lessions for Indian economy </a></p><h2 class="bl-sub-text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Medium; font-weight: 500; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/robert-solow-an-unsung-economist/article67693110.ece" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">Solow changed the way we think about economic phenomena. He made seminal contributions to growth theory</span></a></h2><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/business/robert-solow-dead.html" target="_blank">His elegant work established that the main determinant of economic growth was technology, not growing capital and labor.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.95); font-family: __PT_Serif_34d25c, __PT_Serif_Fallback_34d25c; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><a href="https://time.com/6550070/robert-solow-nobel-economist-dies/" target="_blank">He left school in 1942 to join the Army and served in North Africa, Sicily and Italy until World War II ended in 1945. Back at Harvard, he delved into economics and became research assistant to Wassily Leontief, the Russian economist who would win the Nobel in 1973</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: MillerText, "input mono", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_4" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Independent, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.55; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;"><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.55; margin: 0px 0px 1.875rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/12/27/131259/the-productive-career-of-robert-solow/" target="_blank">Solow’s interest in the topic dates back to the 1940s: his doctoral thesis at Harvard focused on income inequality, though his perspective then was markedly different.</a></p><p style="background-color: #fff1e5; color: #33302e; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/4327d163-2037-4db2-8e56-75031b9cefe2" target="_blank">He was also known for highlighting the role of technological innovation — and economies’ capacity to adapt to it — as the ultimate force behind sustained economic prosperity.</a></p><div><span style="font-family: "Ivar Headline", Times, Georgia, serif; letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942762" target="_blank">Robert Solow: An Affectionate Portrait</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/12/21/robert-solow-nobel-economist-dies/" target="_blank">“Everything reminds me of sex, but I try to keep it out of my papers.”</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2002/interview-with-robert-solow" target="_blank">Robert Solow's interview</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: "Ivar Headline", Times, Georgia, serif; letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1805620" target="_blank">Economic History and Economics by Rober Solow</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/prospects-for-growth-an-interview-with-robert-solow" target="_blank">idea that everybody is everywhere and always maximizing profits turned out to be not quite right.</a></span></div></div></div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: MillerText, "input mono", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_6" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Independent, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.55; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;"></div></div></div><h1 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Bold; font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 48px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></h1>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-68159555128102128342023-11-23T10:48:00.005+05:302023-11-23T10:48:44.784+05:30Classical economist B R Shenoy warned Sri Lanka in the 1960s<p><b><span style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; caret-color: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-decoration-line: unset;">Classical economist B R Shenoy warned Sri Lanka in the 1960s when the country started its first IMF program after printing money (mostly for rural credit re-finance), not to engage in revenue based fiscal consolidation, which he called a ‘statistical alternative of balancing the budget’.</span></b></p><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; 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font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><br /></p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;">“This alternative is beset with pitfalls,” Shenoy warned in a report commissioned by ex-President J R Jayewardena.</p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><br /></p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;">“Past experience in Ceylon, which is in line with experience in virtually all parts of the world, is that in a democratic set up political and other pressures are heavily on the side of more and more spending by the government.</p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; 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border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; 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transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><br /></p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; 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font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;">“When Revenues increase, under the weight of these pressures, expenditures too increase to meet, or even exceed, Revenue collections. In Ceylon during the past seven years Revenues rose by 45 per cent and Expenditures charged to Revenues by 48 per cent.”</p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><br /></p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;">From December 2014 to November 2019 tax revenues went up 65 percent to 1,612 billion rupees and recurrent spending went up 55 percent to 2,053 billion rupees, before taxes were cut in December to target ‘potential output’.</p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; box-shadow: unset; box-sizing: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; buffered-rendering: unset; caption-side: unset; caret-color: unset; clear: unset; clip-path: unset; clip-rule: unset; clip: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-rendering: unset; color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; 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ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><br /></p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; accent-color: unset; alignment-baseline: unset; animation: unset; app-region: unset; appearance: unset; aspect-ratio: unset; backdrop-filter: unset; backface-visibility: unset; background-attachment: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; baseline-shift: unset; block-size: unset; border-block: unset; border-collapse: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-inline: unset; border-radius: unset; border-spacing: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border: unset; 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scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;">Revenue based fiscal consolidation, which is in line with a ‘heedless spending’ ideology that emerged among English speaking academics (US ‘progressives’ or post-Keynesians) combined with nationalized central banks, led to a spike in spending to GDP as salaries and subsidies were hiked with no restraint from 2015.</p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; 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width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><br /></p></div><div><p style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: unset; -webkit-text-security: unset; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset; -webkit-user-drag: unset; -webkit-user-modify: unset; -webkit-writing-mode: unset; 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color-scheme: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; columns: unset; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset; contain-intrinsic-size: unset; contain: unset; container: unset; content-visibility: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; cursor: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; d: unset; display: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; empty-cells: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; fill: unset; filter: unset; flex-flow: unset; flex: unset; float: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", "Times New Roman", serif; font-feature-settings: unset; font-kerning: unset; font-optical-sizing: unset; font-palette: unset; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: unset; font-synthesis: unset; font-variant-east-asian: unset; font-variant-numeric: unset; font-variation-settings: unset; forced-color-adjust: unset; gap: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; height: unset; hyphenate-character: unset; hyphenate-limit-chars: unset; hyphens: unset; image-orientation: unset; image-rendering: unset; inline-size: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; inset: unset; isolation: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; lighting-color: unset; line-break: unset; line-height: unset; list-style: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-inline: unset; margin-left: unset; margin-right: unset; margin-top: 0px; marker: unset; mask-type: unset; mask: unset; math-depth: unset; math-shift: unset; math-style: unset; max-block-size: unset; max-height: unset; max-inline-size: unset; max-width: unset; min-block-size: unset; min-height: unset; min-inline-size: unset; min-width: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; object-view-box: unset; offset: unset; opacity: unset; order: unset; outline-offset: unset; outline: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; overflow-clip-margin: unset; overflow-wrap: unset; overflow: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; padding: unset; page-orientation: unset; page: unset; paint-order: unset; perspective-origin: unset; perspective: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; place-self: unset; pointer-events: unset; position: unset; quotes: unset; r: unset; resize: unset; rotate: unset; ruby-position: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; scale: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-stop: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; scrollbar-gutter: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; shape-rendering: unset; size: unset; speak: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke: unset; tab-size: unset; table-layout: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-anchor: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-decoration-line: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;">More <a href="https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-state-salary-bill-falls-to-49-pct-of-every-tax-rupee-by-sept-23-140034/" target="_blank">here</a>.</p></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-35942048142708477022023-11-23T10:44:00.001+05:302023-11-23T10:44:07.137+05:30Prof B R Shenoy is still deemed too dangerous to be taught widely.<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">A<a href="https://www.legallyindia.com/convos/topic/300779-crowdsourced-reading-list-of-non-left-books-and-articles-for-law-students#comment-300779" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #f8fafc; color: #0f172a; font-family: Nunito, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";"> quote from Sanjeev Sanyal:</span></a></span></h3><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f8fafc; border: 0px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f172a; font-family: Nunito, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";" /><span style="background-color: #f8fafc; color: #0f172a; font-family: Nunito, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";"><b><i>"The Left dominance over the intellectual establishment has its roots in the systematic “ethnic cleansing” of all non-Left thinkers since the 1950s. One of its early victims was liberal economist B.R. Shenoy who questioned Nehru’s economics. He was squeezed out of the establishment and persecuted, but continued to write against socialist planning. ... The result of the systematic cleansing was that there were no non-Left academics remaining in the social sciences field in India by the early 1990s. ... Since the 1990s, the more explicitly Soviet-derived material has been removed from curriculums, but they remain heavily dominated by the Left. Thus, economics students are mostly taught material written by Amartya Sen and his stable of academics but exposed only in passing to the thoughts of Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman or Jagdish Bhagwati, Sen’s intellectual rival. Even when non-Left thinkers are included, their ideas are lumped together as exotic curiosities to be critiqued, rather than imbibed. Shenoy is still deemed too dangerous to be taught widely. The situation is much worse in other disciplines like sociology and history."</i></b></span><div><span style="background-color: #f8fafc; color: #0f172a; font-family: Nunito, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #f8fafc; color: #0f172a; font-family: Nunito, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";"><b><i>More reading see <a href="http://www.sanjeevsanyal.com/home/article_detail/86" target="_blank">here</a>.</i></b></span></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-52272957164330242282023-11-23T10:38:00.009+05:302023-11-23T10:38:53.444+05:30Nani A. Palkhiwala donated Rs.12 crore so Sankara Nethralaya <p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In 1998, the legal luminary, <b>Nani A. Palkhiwala donated Rs.12 crore so Sankara Nethralaya could buy Lady Willingdon Hospital in the same neighbourhood and expand.</b> Ratan Tata donated Rs 5.5 crore. Today, the multi-storied blocks equipped with state-of-the-art medical infrastructure are buzzing with patients from across the country and the world. Badrinath encouraged his team to find cost-effective, scalable solutions.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">More <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sankara-nethralaya-founder-dr-badrinath-dies-at-83-in-city/articleshowprint/105399471.cms" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><br /></span></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-22845976024736147992023-11-23T10:27:00.008+05:302023-11-23T10:27:59.470+05:30Remembering a stalwart in India's economic landscape<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaiwhtsG7VbC87iDpxJI8l8trG8mCI-pVR_W2PJ3JEvdCS3q9FD0DITm4n-9cz_MekZtbgzqEof2Aw_mZPNalY7m2TXInegoObwwBx_gCHq3HnbxuD1F7FZyN_uNz8zYXq-WX8xpkNiswbTKHsdfjWXpTfZ4-85YiIFvbgUqMqYXmNSDvc6N3L_-ZIYe4" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="768" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaiwhtsG7VbC87iDpxJI8l8trG8mCI-pVR_W2PJ3JEvdCS3q9FD0DITm4n-9cz_MekZtbgzqEof2Aw_mZPNalY7m2TXInegoObwwBx_gCHq3HnbxuD1F7FZyN_uNz8zYXq-WX8xpkNiswbTKHsdfjWXpTfZ4-85YiIFvbgUqMqYXmNSDvc6N3L_-ZIYe4" width="281" /></a></div><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Midlevel", sans-serif; text-align: start;">S. Venkitaramanan </span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Midlevel", sans-serif; text-align: left;">the former Governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), passed away at the age of 92 in Chennai on Saturday after a brief illness.</span></span></h3><div><h3 style="text-align: left;"></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"></h3><h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Midlevel", sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">He was 8th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, served in this role for two years from December 1990 to December 1992. Before his tenure as RBI Governor, he held the position of Finance Secretary in the Ministry of Finance from 1985 to 1989.</span></span></li></ul></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Venkitaramanan's pivotal role in Indian finance came to the forefront during his tenure as the Finance Secretary in the Ministry of Finance from 1985 to 1989. However, it was his term as the 18th RBI Governor from December 1990 to December 1992 that solidified his reputation as a brilliant crisis manager.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Addressing the balance of payments crisis, Venkitaramanan took measures to stabilize the exchange rate. His pragmatic approach included the devaluation of the Indian rupee, which contributed to a more competitive export environment.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">S. Venkitaramanan's legacy is one of resilience, strategic thinking, and steadfast leadership. His contributions have left an enduring impact on the financial sector in India, and his life serves as an inspiration for those navigating the complex world of banking and finance.</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Read more <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/news/s-venkitaramanan-passes-away-remembering-a-stalwart-in-india-s-economic-landscape/ar-AA1k8peB" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h2><p></p></h2></div><p></p><div><div class="intra-article-module" data-t="{"n":"intraArticle","t":13}" style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Midlevel", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; position: relative; width: 680px; z-index: 97;"><slot name="AA1k8peB-intraArticleModule-3"></slot></div></div><p><br /></p><div></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-65074821638671901282023-11-23T10:06:00.006+05:302023-11-23T10:06:34.831+05:30A notable exception was C. Rajagopalachari<div style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This is somthing the Indian political leaders forget and forgetten for long time: </span></div><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>"A notable exception was C. Rajagopalachari, who had held the office of the governor-general of India—the last one to hold it and the only Indian—yet went on to serve in Jawaharlal Nehru’s cabinet and then as chief minister of Madras."</i></span></span></div><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span data-offset-key="6elip-0-0">Read more <a href="https://www.theweek.in/columns/prasannan/2023/11/18/recycling-prime-ministers.html " target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></div><div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="frgei" data-offset-key="6tbqr-0-0" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6tbqr-0-0" style="direction: ltr; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"><br /></div></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-47067951354238729222022-12-16T14:55:00.007+05:302022-12-16T14:56:43.844+05:30India’s fiscal federalism is still evolving… by B. Chandrasekaran<p> <b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">India’s
fiscal federalism is still evolving… by B. Chandrasekaran</span></b></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The
article titled <i>"The poor state of India's fiscal federalism by
Kalaiyarasan. A" </i>published in The Hindu on July 28, 2022, makes several sweeping
statements without substantial data to prove on larger policy perspective and beyond
taking the ideological position. The author’s statements cannot be taken as
academic interest because it has public policy ramifications in many respects,
mostly misleading. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">At
the outset, the article paints abjectly the state of India's fiscal federalism
with allegations like the <i>“centralisation of fiscal power”,</i> <i>“political
centralisation” and "cultural nationalism",</i> etc., especially since
2014. The pitch is set out very well before any data to substantiate for
inferences to be drawn to conclude meaningfully.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">One
of the greatest economists of twentieth-century India was Dr. B.R.Ambedkar who
never advocated for centralised planning or power centre except to protect the
country's sovereignty by integrating the regional administrations as one
country. Indeed, he always strived for decentralised planning for
socio-economic development, and that dream is yet to be fulfilled in
Independent India even after 75 years. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">While
the basic structure of India’s tryst with destiny was always found to be
lubricated around conflict of visions with which the democracy unfolds and
still drives for bettering. Alas, across the country, the autonomy of
administrative power and devolution of financial power are yet to be
transferred from State capitals to village panchayats and local bodies which
rarely need now to make real growth centres across the country. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Interestingly,
most seem to be forgotten now conveniently that unlike before 2014, no Chief
Minister is visiting New Delhi now for approval of State’s Annual Plan
budgetary provisions finalisation, including sectoral allocations, grants, etc.
The Planning Commission structure was reformed with financial devolution power
has been decentralised more now than in the past since independence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The
author’s statement <b><i>“States lost their capacity to generate revenue by
surrendering their rights in the wake of the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
regime, their expenditure pattern too was distorted by the Union’s intrusion,
particularly through its centrally sponsored schemes” </i></b>is deeply flawed
on many grounds. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">A
dynamic democracy like India had debated for a decade on a comprehensive
indirect tax system and had powerfully exercised the tools of consensus
building through political dialogs to align the states on their own will with
facts and figures on the table at a common goal of the Goods and Services Tax
system which may not be the perfect one but it was a fair beginning. The
structure is still in evolving state with pros and cons to argue, but not to
deny the fact that it can be done away with it completely.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">For
years, many states did not clean up their own awfully managed already fiscally
stressed financial health and wasteful expenditures especially soon after the
elections and just before the next elections on the lofty promises made to the
electorate. When the states were having provisions of their own tax revenues
even then they would not able to fulfill the promises made to the electorate
and then invariably asked the union government to provide grants or special
funds were underestimated by the author's article under review. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to the report, titled <i>“Central Transfers to States in India Rewarding
Performance While Ensuring Equality</i>” authored by economist M Govinda Rao <b><i>“in
2012, there were 147 such schemes initiated by various Central ministries and
many of them were directly implemented by numerous implementing agencies
specifically created for the purpose and the grants were given to them directly
bypassing the States.”</i></b> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Whereas,
at present, the union government provides funds to states through Centrally
Sponsored Schemes (CSS) which has been effectively reduced to 28 schemes from
66 schemes including flagship schemes. The CSS has been rationalised based on
the recommendations of the Sub-Group Report Submitted by the Chief Ministers in
2015. The implementation of CSS was mainly on key sectors of national
importance because the state governments were strategically not giving due
importance for the past many years. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Unlike
in the past, States have more flexibility now to implement certain schemes as
per the state-specific requirements with the check and balance systems. As many
as 45 Central Sector schemes are implemented by States for specified purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The
article talks about the case of Tamil Nadu which took steps <i>“to look at
Centre-State fiscal relations and recommend more transfers and taxation powers
for regional governments.”</i> The point is well taken. One is tempted to ask
why Tamil Nadu’s discom has been ranked as the top worst in the country for
many years. Moreover, several state-owned public-sector enterprises continue to
make a loss but are buried under the carpet from any reform steps. The author
fails to heed some of these deeply poor governance structures.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Also,
why the decentralisation of financial and administrative power is still not accorded
to local bodies in Tamil Nadu? While its neighbours like Kerala and Karnataka
have the best decentralised process of governance in the country despite the
challenges of welfare politics and administrative misgovernance. Because the depth
of the democratisation process has stopped in Tamil Nadu with power welded at
the state capital even now by deep-rooted vested interests in anything and
everything. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The
fact that regional disparity emanates partly from the fact that the state
capital power centre still refuses to transfer the democratic power to local
bodies which are duly elected by the people for direct democracy with trusts. Moreover,
what is the status of major state's State Finance Commissions are upto? Are
they performing the requisite role of the state development and bridging the
gaps of disparity like inequalities of rural-urban divide, disparities among
intra regions, etc? It seems that not much attention is given either academically
or in public policy discourse even in states like Tamil Nadu which is being
branded as a developed state.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">To
sum up, it has been several months since Tamil Nadu’s 6<sup>th</sup> State
Finance Commission report for the period of 2022-2029 was submitted to the
state government, acceptance of its recommendations and timeline for
implementations are yet to be known to the people. Strangely, the report is not
even made public. This is the Dravidian model of governance. None of the academic
or policy institutions will raise their voice against such poor governance
because they will lose funding from the state government or be humiliated for
their right to express in the interest of the public cause.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(The
author is an economist and public policy expert)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><p></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-88091983616624172862022-07-21T15:55:00.001+05:302022-07-21T15:55:13.572+05:30My public policy articles published Tamil over the last few months and more<p><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/06/30/tamil-nadu-economy-binging-on-borrowing/56343/?lang=ta"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px;">தமிழக பொருளாதாரமும், திமுக அரசு செய்ய மறுக்கும் சீர்திருத்தங்களும்</span></a></p><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/06/06/tamil-nadu-defence-corridor-a-non-starter-due-to-state-govt-53701/53721/?lang=ta">பாதுகாப்புக் காரிடர்: நத்தை வேகத்திற்குக் காரணம் என்ன?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/05/18/opinion-little-to-celebrate-in-one-year-of-dmk-party-rule/52105/?lang=ta">திமுகவின் ஓராண்டு ஆட்சி: பொற்காலமா, புனைவுக்கோலமா?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/05/11/how-dmk-govt-is-to-be-blamed-for-power-cuts-not-delhi/51413/?lang=ta">‘மின்தடைகளுக்கு திமுக ஆட்சிதான் பொறுப்பேற்க வேண்டும்’</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/04/29/state-loses-as-dmk-ideology-makes-tn-invisible-in-delhi/50035/?lang=ta">டில்லியோடு திமுக இணக்கமாகப் போகாததால் நட்டம் தமிழ்நாட்டுக்குத்தான்</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/04/09/heres-why-tamil-nadu-is-a-success-story-in-mudra-loans/47735/?lang=ta">தமிழ்நாட்டில் முத்ரா கடன் திட்டம் எப்படி செயல்படுகிறது?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/04/07/in-tamil-nadu-mgnrega-is-unproductive-old-age-pension/47567/?lang=ta">ஊரக வேலைவாய்ப்புத் திட்டம் வரமா, சாபமா?</a></h1></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/21/paying-for-tns-welfare-budget-growth-projections-are-a-pie-in-the-sky/45741/?lang=ta">தமிழக பட்ஜெட்: ஒட்டுமொத்த மாநில வளர்ச்சிக்கான திட்டங்கள் எங்கே?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/18/state-economic-survey-what-tn-should-learn-from-bihar/45503/?lang=ta">பட்ஜெட்: மாநில அளவில் பொருளாதார ஆய்வு அறிக்கையை வெளியிடுவார்களா?</a></h1></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/14/tn-economy-doles-loans-mous-and-little-else-in-dmk-rule/45019/?lang=ta">கடன் சுமை: எப்படி எதிர்கொள்ளப் போகிறது தமிழக அரசு?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/02/opinion-why-the-bjps-rise-in-tamil-nadu-is-a-boon-for-the-state/42647/?lang=ta">தமிழகத்தில் பாஜக வளர்ந்தால் மக்களுக்கு நன்மை கிடைக்குமா?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/22/high-time-tamil-nadu-walked-the-talk-on-decentralization-devolved-power-to-local-bodies/41523/?lang=ta">உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகளுக்குத் தேவை நிர்வாக அதிகாரங்கள்!</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/10/opinion-tamil-nadus-parties-oppose-neet-over-vested-interests-not-social-justice/40759/?lang=ta">தமிழக அரசியல்கட்சிகள் ’நீட்’டை எதிர்ப்பது சமூக நீதிக்காக அல்ல!</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/02/tamil-nadu-power-sector-urgently-needs-reforms-should-use-budget-clause-on-fiscal-deficit/39997/?lang=ta">தமிழ்நாட்டில் மின்துறையில் உடனடியாக சீர்திருத்தங்கள் தேவை!</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/01/new-chief-economic-adviser-anantha-nageswaran-a-right-wing-economist-is-a-madurai-man/39905/?lang=ta">புதிய தலைமை பொருளாதார ஆலோசகர் அனந்த நாகேஸ்வரன் யார்?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/01/10/why-tn-should-fix-power-sector-before-shooting-for-trillion-dollar-economy/37183/?lang=ta">டிரில்லியன் டாலர் பொருளாதாரக் கனவு இருக்கட்டும்; முதலில் மின்துறையைச் சீர்படுத்துங்கள்!</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2021/12/23/maridhas-arrest-dmks-poor-record-in-free-speech-continues/35037/?lang=ta">மாரிதாஸ் கைது: பேச்சுரிமையில் திமுகவின் தலையீடு தொடர்கிறதா?</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2021/12/07/amit-shah-language-row-a-needless-distraction-non-issue/33013/?lang=ta">தமிழ் – இந்தி மொழி சர்ச்சை தேவையில்லாத ஒன்று!</a></h1></div><div><h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2021/11/17/mullaiperiyar-a-playing-field-for-vested-interests-in-linguistic-states/30451/?lang=ta">மாநிலங்களின் சுயநலனில் சிக்கித் தவிக்கும் முல்லைப் பெரியார் பிரச்சினை!</a></h1></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-36353523123376345012022-07-21T15:43:00.001+05:302022-07-21T15:43:35.381+05:30My public policy articles published both in English and Tamil over the last few months and more<p><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/06/30/tamil-nadu-economy-binging-on-borrowing/56317/"> <span style="font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 20px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; text-size-adjust: 100%;">‘Tamil Nadu economy: Binging on borrowing’</span></span></a></p><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/06/06/tamil-nadu-defence-corridor-a-non-starter-due-to-state-govt/53701/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">‘ Tamil Nadu Defence Corridor a non-starter due to state govt’</a></h2><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/05/18/opinion-little-to-celebrate-in-one-year-of-dmk-party-rule/52055/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Opinion: Little to celebrate in one year of DMK party rule</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/05/11/how-dmk-govt-is-to-be-blamed-for-power-cuts-not-delhi/51349/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">‘ How DMK govt is to be blamed for power cuts, not Delhi’</a></h2></div><div><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/04/29/state-loses-as-dmk-ideology-makes-tn-invisible-in-delhi/50011/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self"><b>‘State loses as DMK ideology makes TN invisible in Delhi’</b></a></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/04/08/heres-why-tamil-nadu-is-a-success-story-in-mudra-loans/47709/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Rebuttal: Tamil Nadu is a success story in Mudra loans</a></h2></div><div><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/04/07/in-tamil-nadu-mgnrega-is-unproductive-old-age-pension/47539/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self"><b>In Tamil Nadu, MGNREGA is unproductive, old age pension</b></a></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/20/paying-for-tns-welfare-budget-growth-projections-are-a-pie-in-the-sky/45701/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Paying for TN’s welfare budget: Growth projections are a pie in the sky</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/18/state-economic-survey-what-tn-should-learn-from-bihar/45471/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">State economic survey: What TN should learn from Bihar</a></h2></div><div><a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/14/tn-economy-doles-loans-mous-and-little-else-in-dmk-rule/44945/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self"><b>TN economy: Doles, loans, MOUs and little else in DMK rule</b></a></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/03/02/opinion-why-the-bjps-rise-in-tamil-nadu-is-a-boon-for-the-state/42611/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Opinion: Why the BJP’s rise in Tamil Nadu is a boon for the state</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/22/high-time-tamil-nadu-walked-the-talk-on-decentralization-devolved-power-to-local-bodies/41499/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">High time Tamil Nadu walked the talk on decentralization, devolved power to local bodies</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/10/opinion-tamil-nadus-parties-oppose-neet-over-vested-interests-not-social-justice/40751/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Opinion | Tamil Nadu’s parties oppose NEET over vested interests, not social justice</a></h2></div><div> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/02/tamil-nadu-power-sector-urgently-needs-reforms-should-use-budget-clause-on-fiscal-deficit/39983/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self"><b>Tamil Nadu power sector urgently needs reforms, should use budget clause on fiscal deficit</b></a></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/02/01/new-chief-economic-adviser-anantha-nageswaran-a-right-wing-economist-is-a-madurai-man/39901/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">New Chief Economic Adviser Anantha Nageswaran, a right-wing economist, is a Madurai man</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2022/01/10/why-tn-should-fix-power-sector-before-shooting-for-trillion-dollar-economy/37161/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Why TN should fix power sector before shooting for trillion dollar economy</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2021/12/23/maridhas-arrest-dmks-poor-record-in-free-speech-continues/35003/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Maridhas arrest: DMK’s poor record in free speech continues</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2021/12/07/amit-shah-language-row-a-needless-distraction-non-issue/32987/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Amit Shah language row a needless distraction, non-issue</a></h2></div><div><h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px !important; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -18px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://inmathi.com/2021/11/17/mullaiperiyar-a-playing-field-for-vested-interests-in-linguistic-states/30443/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self">Mullaiperiyar: A playing field for vested interests in linguistic states</a></h2></div><div><br /></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-81052120721088271612021-07-27T15:39:00.004+05:302021-07-27T15:39:57.200+05:30Thirty years of economic reforms of 1991-II<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Thirty years of economic reforms of 1991 is remembered on major way to look ahead for next decade, or more. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The following are some of very interesting analysis of what went right and wrong in the last thirty years while implementing various reforms in Indian economy.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px;"><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/state-should-do-its-duty-towards-citizens-not-interfere-in-their-economic-lives-7422014/lite/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If there is any big takeaway from India’s post-Independence history, it lies in the effects of the 1991 reforms. Those reforms essentially consisted of the government retreating from large parts of the economic space of the country. The result: A doubling of GDP growth and the lifting of over 200 million people out of poverty in the two decades that followed. This was the effect of individual and corporate enterprise being unleashed under relatively less controlled regulatory conditions.</span></a></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #47525e; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/reliving-the-landmark-1991-economic-reforms/article35547510.ece" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">To counter the liquidity problem, the government ushered in policy reforms aimed at speeding up the pace of economic growth. The reforms began with the devaluation of the rupee on July 1, 1991, followed by a second round of transfer of a total of 46.91 tonnes of gold from the reserve assets of the RBI in Mumbai to the Bank of England, which enabled India to borrow $400 million to solve its liquidity problems.</span></a></p></div><div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; letter-spacing: -0.2px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Swaminomics/2051-richer-fractured-a-light-hearted-look-at-what-india-may-turn-out-to-be-30-years-from-now/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The demographic dividend will go into reverse gear. Government programmes in earlier years aimed at population reduction but will now switch to promoting larger families. The old slogan “Do ya teen bas” will be replaced by “Sirf do ya teen, bas?”</span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; letter-spacing: -0.2px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/indian-muddle-class-reforms-produced-a-large-middle-class-but-it-hasnt-played-an-emancipatory-role/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The character of higher education and the governance and standards of the professions in India are likely the principal reasons why the social and political role of the Indian middle class has been so wanting.</span></a></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; letter-spacing: -0.2px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/we-changed-trade-policy-in-eight-hours/articleshow/8469719" style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Another problem is that most of our public discussion
of reforms focuses on what the central government should do, but water,
electricity distribution and health are critical areas which are all in the
state sector. If you check what politicians are saying in state elections you
will see that it does not reflect an awareness of the need for reforms.</span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; letter-spacing: -0.2px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hop-skip-and-jump-was-code-word-for-devaluation/articleshow/84697285.cms" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Looking at the recent discussions on agricultural marketing reforms, the best course of action now may be to leave these measures to each state to decide whether they want these legislations or not. That will set the stage for experimental economics and farmers themselves will be able to see the best possible solution for different crops and conditions.</span></a></span></p></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india100-could-be-as-rich-as-us-china/articleshow/84697134.cms" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wealth will thus migrate from developed countries to India. Of course, a critical requirement to achieve this goal is rapid re-skilling of our workforce and reforms in our education system to make our children and youth futureready. Specifically, we must expeditiously build world-class universities and research centres and also upgrade existing institutions to serve India’s 21st century needs.</span></a></span></div><p><span style="color: #1a1a1a; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/reforms-spasmodic-state-meddling-a-constant-in-india/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India
proved resistant to the sweeping transformation that would boost many East
Asian economies. Too often, Indian politicians packaged measures designed to
aid an individual business or industry as economic reform, when the measures in
fact retard competition and growth. Pro-business is not the same as
pro-capitalist, and the distinction continues to elude us.</span></a></span></p><p><br /></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-73844572763128200462021-06-30T13:12:00.016+05:302021-06-30T18:12:01.321+05:30Thirty Years of India's Economic Reforms<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">This year marks the journey of thirty years of major economic reforms of India which started in 1991 although not in a systematic manner. All the major steps taken to push the country out of abject poverty were really paid off much more than it was thought out to be by many experts. The reform journey is still yet to complete full square.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The following articles reflects on the India's 1991 economic reforms with a strong note on what should be done to complete the circle of the reforms both structural and systematic process of making the country not just rich by GDP but by every individual's prosperity with better standards of living.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Delhi based public policy think tank Centre for Civil Society has documented with well thought out articles on <a href="http://indiabefore91.in/" target="_blank">India Before 1991</a> major crisis, the economy that was crawling for decades to take off. </span></p><p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/like-1991-the-2021-crisis-presents-an-opportunity-11611245395833.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; color: #1976d2; font-family: verdana; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Like 1991, 2021 is an opportunity</strong></a><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"> by C. Rangarajan</strong></p><p><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">‘</strong><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/1991-reforms-aimed-at-more-than-just-bop-crisis-11611247422369.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; color: #1976d2; font-family: verdana; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">More than just a BOP issue</strong></a><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">’ by Montek Singh Ahluwalia</strong></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">"<span style="background-color: white;">India’s path to capitalism is yet to credibly create markets that embrace competition and create conditions for widespread prosperity.</span>" Says Yamini Aiyar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/reforms-and-indian-capitalism-101624960517214.html" target="_blank">Reforms and Indian capitalism </a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #424242;">By Yamini Aiyar.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/an-appropriate-way-to-judge-the-famed-economic-reforms-of-1991-11624983045214.html" target="_blank">India after 1991: Towards East Asia or Latin America?</a> by <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Author/Niranjan-Rajadhyaksha" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; color: #757575; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; backface-visibility: hidden; color: #f7931e; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Niranjan Rajadhyaksha</strong></a></span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;"><a href="https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/the-30-years-that-changed-the-country-11611274312908.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The 30 years that changed the country</span></a></span></p><p></p><div class="straptxt article_summary" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6b6b6b; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 10px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></div><p></p><h1 class="ArticleHead" id="content_head" itemprop="name" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/shankkar-aiyar/2021/jun/20/30-years-after-1991-liberalisation-20-needed-2318711.html" target="_blank">30 years after 1991, liberalisation 2.0 needed</a> by Shankar Aiyar</span></h1><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; line-height: 24px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 5px 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/from-1991-the-lessons-for-the-india-of-2021-101624118192034.html" target="_blank">From 1991, the lessons for the India of 2021 </a></span>By Montek Singh Ahluwalia</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.livemint.com/topic/india-reforms-story" target="_blank">India's reform story, </a>a series of articles and interviews and discussions of experts.</span></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-11632902708370430912021-05-20T13:41:00.000+05:302021-05-20T13:41:01.832+05:30Cities need to adopt a bundle of fundamentals: Case study of Erode in Tamil Nadu<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">This my new <a href="https://www.cppr.in/articles/cities-need-to-adopt-a-bundle-of-fundamentals-case-study-of-erode-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank">article</a> on how cities governance has to be shaped up with a case of a tiny Erode city in western Tamil Nadu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">A slice from the piece:</span></p><p style="background-color: #fcfcfc; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">"Public policies in cities need to provide an enabling environment and a level-playing field to promote and nurture its common identities with a strong governance system in place and to protect the interests of all. However, a tiny city like Erode in the western part of Tamil Nadu indicates anything but this in the sense of good governance. Recently, there was news that the district administration of Erode has invited suggestions from the public to improve its road traffic systems, although the district administration has a very limited role in the growth and development of city administration and reforms."</span></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">My other articles on Erode city governance, growth and development are </span><a href="https://www.cppr.in/articles/can-good-governance-fetch-better-ranking-for-erode-city" style="font-family: verdana;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-family: verdana;">, </span><a href="https://www.cppr.in/articles/the-planned-chaos-of-erode-city" style="font-family: verdana;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-family: verdana;">,</span></div><p><br /></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-4845684338770857212021-04-16T17:38:00.006+05:302021-04-16T17:38:55.506+05:30Macro-economist Robert A Mundell (1932-2021): RIP<p style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l_-klDPi-N4/YHl9CGpLCwI/AAAAAAAAFyg/nnW4k53URtoKNVOzLcPGHBgynWWPiBjPwCNcBGAsYHQ/s400/Rmundell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l_-klDPi-N4/YHl9CGpLCwI/AAAAAAAAFyg/nnW4k53URtoKNVOzLcPGHBgynWWPiBjPwCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Rmundell.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><a href="https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/robert-mundell-nobel-prize-winning-economist-dies-at-88" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-variant-ligatures: normal;">‘Impossible Trinity’</span></a><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-variant-ligatures: normal;" /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Recently, world renowned macro economist and Economics Nobel Prize winner Prof <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~ram15/cv.html" target="_blank">Robert A Mundell</a> passed away.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Some of his early research were bath-breaking in the fields of international macroeconomics especially on the currency, trade, monetary policy and exchange related issues. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in economics “for his analysis of monetary and </span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify;"><a class="blue" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FiscalPolicy.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;">fiscal policy</a></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas.” A brief note on his major works are <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Mundell.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The debate between great free market economist Milton Friedman and Mundell is really fascinating even after decades of its happening.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The following are some of the obituary articles explaining Prof Mundell's contribution in the world of economics:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://voxeu.org/article/mundell-difference" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Nobel prize winning economist Paul Krugman argues many dimensions of Mundell's contributions in international economics. </span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/04/remembering-robert-mundell/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Remembering Robert Mundell</span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/business/economy/robert-mundell-dead.html" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Robert A. Mundell, a Father of the Euro and Reaganomics</a></span></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/robert-mundell-nobel-winning-economist-dies-at-age-88-11617652126" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Euro Hero Economist dies</span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/robert-mundell-dead/2021/04/06/36793d92-96d4-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Dr. Mundell was widely regarded as one of the most consequential economists of the late 20th century, his work often compared or even equated with that of John Maynard Keynes and </span><span style="color: #1955a5;"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">Milton Friedman</span></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">. </span></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.06667; margin: 0px 0px 0.3125rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rip-robert-mundell-the-economist-bjp-needs-to-adopt-121041200106_1.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">RIP, Robert Mundell: The economist BJP needs to adopt</span></a></p><p style="background-color: #fcfcfc; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; line-height: 1.22; margin-block: 0px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/briandomitrovic/2021/04/04/the-zeus-of-economics-has-died/?sh=198c904a5baa" target="_blank">The Zeus Of Economics Has Died</a></span></p><p style="background-color: #fcfcfc; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; line-height: 1.22; margin-block: 0px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/62c2f140-ac55-4827-800d-b95571d41ed5" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Father of International Economics by Martin Wolf</span></a></p><p style="background-color: #fcfcfc; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; line-height: 1.22; margin-block: 0px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/bWVEQ1NhqXOK77R0ftTkGK/The-genius-of-Robert-Mundell.html" target="_blank">Former student of Mundell: <span style="background-color: transparent;">The genius of Robert Mundell</span></a></span></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-59003341340870557332021-03-04T15:19:00.004+05:302021-03-04T15:19:59.220+05:30InfraNirbhar Webinar Series: Sanjeev Sanyal Speaks On Building Smart And...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/qdzCQZohFnA" frameborder="0"></iframe>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-18159449283952718932021-02-10T10:56:00.000+05:302021-02-10T10:56:08.017+05:30Biodigester: An Antidote to Cities’ Septage Management Challenges<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white;">I have a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; white-space: pre-wrap;">new <a href="https://www.cppr.in/articles/biodigester-an-antidote-to-cities-septage-management-challenges" target="_blank">article</a> on one of the underpinning cities of cities in India. It is even grave situation in state like Tamil Nadu.</span></span></p><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Few years ago DRDO, GoI, had came out with a decentralized technology to address the septage waste management, despite its high potentials, this technology has not been revolutionized yet. This year Union Budget has also talked about it a bit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">This article explains the need for revolutionary of decentralized septage waste management with bio-digester technology, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Very few companies makes cost effective DRDO model bio-digester septage tanks with its technology, MAK India Limited is one such company which makes quality bio-digester with cost effective manner.</span></p></div>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-88749779266918822852021-02-02T10:52:00.012+05:302021-02-02T11:10:36.162+05:30My Talk: Dr P.V. Raghavan Endowment Lecture<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xTN6P0tf-W0/YBjlABERi7I/AAAAAAAAE5o/AHskOW-YPDIJ1x1G-lE0w6TETUljCCs2gCPcBGAsYHg/s4160/IMG_20210130_162954.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xTN6P0tf-W0/YBjlABERi7I/AAAAAAAAE5o/AHskOW-YPDIJ1x1G-lE0w6TETUljCCs2gCPcBGAsYHg/s320/IMG_20210130_162954.jpg" /></a></div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; text-align: start;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHi7WhnfEXw" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">My Talk on Union Budget Making and Implementation: Public policy Perspective: Dr P.V. Raghavan Endowment Lecture</span></a></h3><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">On last Saturday i.e. 30.01.2021, I was invited to deliver the Prof Dr P V Raghavan Endowment Lecture on "Union Budget Making Process and Implementations in India: Public Policy Perspective", organised by Department of Economics, D G Vaishnav College, Chennai. </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I was humbled by the presence of Prof.P.V Raghavan, who is now aged above 80s but was keen to participate in the event. He was Extremely inspiring teacher of economics especially micro economics. </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Union Budget is a important policy document of the government but how it is prepared to address various sectors issues and challenges are something unknown. There is seems to be missing some institutional framework system for stages of budget making process with some fair amount of transparency and accountability on decisions. </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Moreover, the regulators and implementer of the budget announcements were always find clueless practically.</span></div></div></div></div><br />Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-42928690456387536912021-01-09T15:36:00.003+05:302021-01-09T15:36:22.935+05:30C.Rajagopalachari’s Venerable Thoughts on Culture<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vM4voGNA0qA/X_l_7sNEYCI/AAAAAAAAEq0/xJ-75upLZyYPNvDDVUTob9Ra4Tzw0ooegCNcBGAsYHQ/s800/dc-Cover-7ia6446a3t40rbel587hohpmm4-20191106020147.Medi.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vM4voGNA0qA/X_l_7sNEYCI/AAAAAAAAEq0/xJ-75upLZyYPNvDDVUTob9Ra4Tzw0ooegCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/dc-Cover-7ia6446a3t40rbel587hohpmm4-20191106020147.Medi.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">I have new </span><a href="https://theverandahclub.com/article/crajagopalacharis-venerable-thoughts-on-culture-90" style="font-family: verdana;" target="_blank">piece </a><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">on thoughts of one of greatest statesmen of twentieth century India, C.Rajagopalachari who had profound thoughts about "culture" which is the most abused word in the literature anywhere in the world. But his views are civilization transition in nature and has relevance for all times.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">According to Rajaji <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">“civilisation has two instruments to achieve the object of curbing the sensual instincts and preventing or deterring over-indulgence.”</i> He explains that one instrument is the government's enforcement of the law through penal codes and other instruments, importantly, the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">“civilisation is culture which acts through family training, tradition, religious belief, literature, and education. Culture puts down over-indulgence acting as an internal force, as distinguished from penal laws which operate from outside. Where it fails, it acts, though social obloquy and in very bad cases, through social ostracism". </i></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></p><div><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></i></span></div><p><br /></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-85659400912090514292020-12-12T17:29:00.001+05:302020-12-12T17:29:22.527+05:30Walter Williams Best Moments<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/8fCX3xX0Yds" frameborder="0"></iframe>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-91263657471725619882020-12-12T17:28:00.002+05:302020-12-12T17:28:14.089+05:30Professor Walter E. Williams (1936-2020) died <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Swto40BBgzI/X9SuWvH-BTI/AAAAAAAAEbY/nBLV1-C2BG4BKpmc2HACbycqcWyqxu_YACNcBGAsYHQ/s1200/5fd27bae376a4.image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Swto40BBgzI/X9SuWvH-BTI/AAAAAAAAEbY/nBLV1-C2BG4BKpmc2HACbycqcWyqxu_YACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/5fd27bae376a4.image.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">What some of my economics professors could not teach about economics in schools and college, was taught by eminent American free market economist and popular professor Dr Walter E Williams who died last week. Although, I have learned a holistic meaning of economic principles from his vast writings. </span></p><p><b><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Never trying to wow students with
his credentials, Williams taught the principles of economics, which he thought
of as common sense. Every year, upon completing his Ph.D.-level microeconomics
class (no easy feat), Williams treated his students to food and drinks. He was
impatient with nonsense, but he was never impatient with the process of
learning. The number of students who benefitted from his genius are too many to
count. Many of them are now teachers themselves, passing on Williams’ teaching
to even more minds." More <a href="http://gmufourthestate.com/2020/12/02/walter-williams-r-i-p/" target="_blank">here </a>from his true student.</span></i></b></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Here are some of the brilliant true to this greatest free market economics:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/04/business/economy/walter-e-williams-dead.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Walter E. Williams, 84, Dies; Conservative Economist on
Black Issues</span></a></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://richmond.com/opinion/columnists/star-parker-column-walter-williams-was-a-prophet-of-freedom/article_bc9f6ca3-a1d6-58b5-aad3-cdd507029612.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Walter Williams was a prophet of freedom</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/walter-williams-r-i-p-11606934313" target="_blank">Walter Williams, R.I.P.</a> and <a href="https://www.econlib.org/walter-williams-rip/" target="_blank">here</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/walter-williams-dead/2020/12/04/5bafc0bc-364a-11eb-8d38-6aea1adb3839_story.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Walter E. Williams, free-market economist, anti-government
commentator, dies at 84</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://richmond.com/opinion/columnists/walter-williams-column-costs-must-be-weighed-against-benefits/article_31d9d180-928f-55ee-a4b1-77c40036538f.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Costs must be weighed against benefits</span></a></p><br /><p></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-60670692856605986962020-10-23T16:11:00.006+05:302020-10-23T16:11:42.751+05:30India Needs Dynamic Ecosystems for Making Smart Cities Work<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">I have new <a href="https://www.cppr.in/centre-for-urban-studies/india-needs-dynamic-ecosystems-for-making-smart-cities-work" target="_blank">article </a>on Smart Cities Initiatives in India published by the CPPR. In India, the cities are still governed by State capitals and National Capital instead of decentralized form of governance to improve for ease of living by all means.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The piece mainly discusses the below issues:</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;"><i>"<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">As part of the smart cities initiatives guidelines, the Union Ministry of Urban Development had notified in September 2016 to create a City-Level Advisory Forum (CLAF) comprising all major stakeholders including elected representatives of that city, local youth, technical experts, associations of taxpayers, residents’ welfare, trade and commerce associations, etc. However, this Forum was not functional until recently and most Smart Cities in the country including Tamil Nadu were created this year or in the last few months only.</span>"</i></span></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-21767235748204032992020-10-23T16:07:00.001+05:302020-10-23T16:07:34.769+05:30A New Idea Of India: Harsh M, Rajeev Mantri, & Swati Sharma In Conversat...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-q8uaPfa0AQ" frameborder="0"></iframe>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-22676290325191935192020-10-13T11:39:00.001+05:302020-10-13T11:39:10.258+05:30Part 2 | A New Idea Of India: Manish Sabharwal, Harsh Madhusudan, Rajeev...<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dezUDuzEa6s" width="480"></iframe>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-18914421864766625892020-10-13T11:38:00.001+05:302020-10-13T11:38:48.353+05:30Part 1| A New Idea of India: Roshan Cariappa In Conversation With Harsh ...<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/31XdOgwD-60" width="480"></iframe>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2827586138265299704.post-50355486546296195732020-10-12T15:32:00.004+05:302020-10-12T15:32:26.693+05:30Interesting reading<p>I have read the following some of the interesting articles and research papers:</p><p class="MsoNoSpacing"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sridhar-vembu-silicon-valley-tamil-nadu-teacher-rural-school-6719039/" target="_blank">Silicon
Valley star is now teacher in Tamil Nadu, says busy with new start-up — rural
school</a></span></li><li><a href="https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/bwkbOymTzIYTZkAInEjXQI/Why-riceeaters-are-from-Venus-and-others-from-Mars.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Why rice-eaters are from Venus
and others from Mars</span> </a></li><li><a href="https://openthemagazine.com/columns/a-requiem-for-my-boss/?fbclid=IwAR2dLFv-WVR4nAZM1BEjwpE2FdQANfXH1k2LU-dIC_dUksSqNrtKxB3b730" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">"his frequent
warnings that ‘governments do not understand the implications of their
intervention’, and he would often speak about the vast disconnect between the
metropolis and the village, the city and the countryside."</a></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://swarajyamag.com/economy/five-factors-that-helped-rural-india-continue-driving-indian-economy-in-september?fbclid=IwAR2w3URioptNkHGP1qpyL9_qCsKHIlEzwvT5bV_eJDkDDEFkDyP76HZfBlU" target="_blank">Five Factors That Helped Rural India Continue
Driving Indian Economy In September</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/why-are-farm-bills-opposed-hostility-is-based-on-a-discredited-economic-model-that-upholds-vested-interests/?fbclid=IwAR1ih-FdMX_W3cgiT1fT-pi_r6dumA-x_8AGwGay14m9dVVqEM_ut6evCUA" target="_blank">"a
discredited economic model that undermines the benefits of competitive markets
– a model relying on the misguided tryst with socialism that never delivered
India’s tryst with destiny."</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Addictions/india-cheers-dalits-riding-donkeys-but-fears-dalits-riding-horses-caste-society-and-government-have-dissolved-into-one/?fbclid=IwAR34ZZr0b2b3IvlNRlwXwHknqPIlRCNFwvZkSCd3L6bz46OB_mpt_FXhZBg" target="_blank">"It
is dismaying that opinion makers market Dalit poverty and atrocities more than
Dalit professionals competing globally."</a></span></li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p>Chandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11519400753454711358noreply@blogger.com0